\documentclass[twoside,openright]{uva-bachelor-thesis}

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% Title Page
\title{A generic architecture for the detection of multi-touch gestures}
\author{Taddeüs Kroes}
\supervisors{Dr. Robert G. Belleman (UvA)}
\signedby{Dr. Robert G. Belleman (UvA)}

\begin{document}

% Title page
\maketitle
\begin{abstract}
    % TODO
\end{abstract}

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\parskip 1.5ex plus 0.5ex minus 0.2ex

% Table of contant on separate page
\tableofcontents

\chapter{Introduction}

% Ruwe probleemstelling
Multi-touch interaction is becoming increasingly common, mostly due to the wide
use of touch screens in phones and tablets. When programming applications using
this method of interaction, the programmer needs an abstraction of the raw data
provided by the touch driver of the device. This abstraction exists in several
multi-touch application frameworks like Nokia's
Qt\footnote{\url{http://qt.nokia.com/}}. However, applications that do not use
these frameworks have no access to their multi-touch events.

% Aanleiding
This problem was observed during an attempt to create a multi-touch
``interactor'' class for the Visualization Toolkit \cite[VTK]{VTK}. Because VTK
provides the application framework here, it is undesirable to use an entire
framework like Qt simultaneously only for its multi-touch support.

% Ruw doel
The goal of this project is to define a generic multi-touch event triggering
architecture. To test the definition, a reference implementation is written in
Python.

    \section{Definition of the problem}

    % Hoofdvraag
    The goal of this thesis is to a create generic architecture for a
    multi-touch event triggering mechanism for use in multi-touch applications.

    % Deelvragen
    To design such an architecture properly, the following questions are relevant:
    \begin{itemize}
        \item What is the input of the architecture? Different touch drivers
            have different API's. To be able to support different drivers
            (which is highly desirable), there should be a translation from the
            driver API to a fixed input format.
        \item How can extendability be accomplished? The set of supported
            events should not be limited to a single implementation, but an
            application should be able to define its own custom events.
        \item How can the architecture be used by different programming
            languages? A generic architecture should not be limited to be used
            in only one language.
        \item Can events be used by multiple processes at the same time? For
            example, a network implementation could run as a service instead of
            within a single application, triggering events in any application
            that needs them.
    \end{itemize}

    % Afbakening
    The scope of this thesis includes the design of a generic multi-touch
    triggering architecture, a reference implementation of this design, and its
    integration into a test case application. To be successful, the design
    should allow for extensions to be added to any implementation.

    The reference implementation is a Proof of Concept that translates TUIO
    messages to some simple touch gestures that are used by some test
    applications.
    %Being a Proof of Concept, the reference implementation itself does not
    %necessarily need to meet all the requirements of the design.

    \section{Structure of this document}

    % TODO: pas als thesis af is

\chapter{Related work}

    \section{Gesture and Activity Recognition Toolkit}

    The Gesture and Activity Recognition Toolkit (GART) \cite{GART} is a
    toolkit for the development of gesture-based applications. The toolkit
    states that the best way to classify gestures is to use machine learning.
    The programmer trains a program to recognize using the machine learning
    library from the toolkit. The toolkit contains a callback-mechanism that
    the programmer uses to execute custom code when a gesture is recognized.

    Though multi-touch input is not directly supported by the toolkit, the
    level of abstraction does allow for it to be implemented in the form of a
    ``touch'' sensor.

    The reason to use machine learning is the statement that gesture detection
    ``is likely to become increasingly complex and unmanageable'' when using a
    set of predefined rules to detect whether some sensor input can be seen as
    a specific gesture. This statement is not necessarily true. If the
    programmer is given a way to separate the detection of different types of
    gestures and flexibility in rule definitions, over-complexity can be
    avoided.

    % oplossing: trackers. bijv. TapTracker, TransformationTracker gescheiden

    \section{Gesture recognition software for Windows 7}

    The online article \cite{win7touch} presents a Windows 7 application,
    written in Microsofts .NET. The application shows detected gestures in a
    canvas. Gesture trackers keep track of stylus locations to detect specific
    gestures. The event types required to track a touch stylus are ``stylus
    down'', ``stylus move'' and ``stylus up'' events. A
    \texttt{GestureTrackerManager} object dispatches these events to gesture
    trackers. The application supports a limited number of pre-defined
    gestures.

    An important observation in this application is that different gestures are
    detected by different gesture trackers, thus separating gesture detection
    code into maintainable parts.

    \section{Processing implementation of simple gestures in Android}

    An implementation of a detection architecture for some simple multi-touch
    gestures (tap, double tap, rotation, pinch and drag) using
    Processing\footnote{Processing is a Java-based development environment with
    an export possibility for Android. See also \url{http://processing.org/.}}
    can be found found in a forum on the Processing website
    \cite{processingMT}. The implementation is fairly simple, but it yields
    some very appealing results. The detection logic of all gestures is
    combined in a single class. This does not allow for extendability, because
    the complexity of this class would increase to an undesirable level (as
    predicted by the GART article \cite{GART}). However, the detection logic
    itself is partially re-used in the reference implementation of the
    generic gesture detection architecture.

    \section{Analysis of related work}

    The simple Processing implementation of multi-touch events provides most of
    the functionality that can be found in existing multi-touch applications.
    In fact, many applications for mobile phones and tablets only use tap and
    scroll events. For this category of applications, using machine learning
    seems excessive. Though the representation of a gesture using a feature
    vector in a machine learning algorithm is a generic and formal way to
    define a gesture, a programmer-friendly architecture should also support
    simple, ``hard-coded'' detection code. A way to separate different pieces
    of gesture detection code, thus keeping a code library manageable and
    extendable, is to user different gesture trackers.

% FIXME: change title below
\chapter{Design}

    % Diagrams are defined in a separate file
    \input{data/diagrams}

    \section{Introduction}

    % TODO: rewrite intro, reference to experiment appendix
    This chapter describes a design for a generic multi-touch gesture detection
    architecture. The architecture constists of multiple components, each with
    a specific set of tasks. Naturally, the design is based on a number of
    requirements. The first three sections each describe a requirement, and a
    solution that meets the requirement. The following sections show the
    cohesion of the different components in the architecture.

    To test multi-touch interaction properly, a multi-touch device is required.
    The University of Amsterdam (UvA) has provided access to a multi-touch
    table from PQlabs. The table uses the TUIO protocol \cite{TUIO} to
    communicate touch events. See appendix \ref{app:tuio} for details regarding
    the TUIO protocol.

    \subsection*{Position of architecture in software}

        The input of the architecture comes from some multi-touch device
        driver.  For example, the table used in the experiments uses the TUIO
        protocol. The task of the architecture is to translate this input to
        multi-touch gestures that are used by an application, as illustrated in
        figure \ref{fig:basicdiagram}. In the course of this chapter, the
        diagram is extended with the different components of the architecture.

        \basicdiagram{A diagram showing the position of the architecture
        relative to the device driver and a multi-touch application.}

    \section{Supporting multiple drivers}

    The TUIO protocol is an example of a touch driver that can be used by
    multi-touch devices. Other drivers do exist, which should also be supported
    by the architecture. Therefore, there must be some translation of
    driver-specific messages to a common format in the arcitecture. Messages in
    this common format will be called \emph{events}. Events can be translated
    to multi-touch \emph{gestures}. The most basic set of events is
    $\{point\_down, point\_move, point\_up\}$. Here, a ``point'' is a touch
    object with only an (x, y) position on the screen.

    A more extended set could also contain more complex events. An object can
    also have a rotational property, like the ``fiducials'' type in the TUIO
    protocol. This results in $\{point\_down, point\_move,\\point\_up,
    object\_down, object\_move, object\_up, object\_rotate\}$.

    The component that translates driver-specific messages to events, is called
    the \emph{event driver}. The event driver runs in a loop, receiving and
    analyzing driver messages. The event driver that is used in an application
    is dependent of the support of the multi-touch device.

    When a sequence of messages is analyzed as an event, the event driver
    delegates the event to other components in the architecture for translation
    to gestures.

    \driverdiagram{Extension of the diagram from figure \ref{fig:basicdiagram},
    showing the position of the event driver in the architecture.}

    \section{Restricting gestures to a screen area}

    An application programmer should be able to bind a gesture handler to some
    element on the screen. For example, a button tap\footnote{A ``tap'' gesture
    is triggered when a touch object releases the screen within a certain time
    and distance from the point where it initially touched the screen.} should
    only occur on the button itself, and not in any other area of the screen. A
    solution to this program is the use of \emph{widgets}. The button from the
    example can be represented as a rectangular widget with a position and
    size. The position and size are compared with event coordinates to
    determine whether an event should occur within the button.

    \subsection*{Widget tree}

        A problem occurs when widgets overlap. If a button in placed over a
        container and an event occurs occurs inside the button, should the
        button handle the event first? And, should the container receive the
        event at all or should it be reserved for the button?.

        The solution to this problem is to save widgets in a tree structure.
        There is one root widget, whose size is limited by the size of the
        touch screen.  Being the leaf widget, and thus the widget that is
        actually touched when an object touches the device, the button widget
        should receive an event before its container does. However, events
        occur on a screen-wide level and thus at the root level of the widget
        tree. Therefore, an event is delegated in the tree before any analysis
        is performed. Delegation stops at the ``lowest'' widget in the three
        containing the event coordinates. That widget then performs some
        analysis of the event, after which the event is released back to the
        parent widget for analysis. This release of an event to a parent widget
        is called \emph{propagation}. To be able to reserve an event to some
        widget or analysis, the propagation of an event can be stopped during
        analysis.
        % TODO: insprired by JavaScript DOM

        % TODO: add GTK to bibliography
        Many GUI frameworks, like GTK \cite{GTK}, also use a tree structure to
        manage their widgets. This makes it easy to connect the architecture to
        such a framework. For example, the programmer can define a
        \texttt{GtkTouchWidget} that synchronises the position of a touch
        widget with that of a GTK widget, using GTK signals.

    \subsection*{Callbacks}
    \label{sec:callbacks}

        When an event is propagated by a widget, it is first used for event
        analysis on that widget. The event analysis can then trigger a gesture
        in the widget, which has to be handled by the application. To handle a
        gesture, the widget should provide a callback mechanism: the
        application binds a handler for a specific type of gesture to a widget.
        When a gesture of that type is triggered after event analysis, the
        widget triggers the callback.

    \subsection*{Position of widget tree in architecture}

        \widgetdiagram{Extension of the diagram from figure
        \ref{fig:driverdiagram}, showing the position of widgets in the
        architecture.}

    \section{Event analysis}

    The events that are delegated to widgets must be analyzed in some way to
    from gestures. This analysis is specific to the type of gesture being
    detected. E.g. the detection of a ``tap'' gesture is very different from
    detection of a ``rotate'' gesture. The \cite[.NET
    implementation]{win7touch} separates the detection of different gestures
    into different \emph{gesture trackers}. This keeps the different pieces of
    detection code managable and extandable. Therefore, the architecture also
    uses gesture trackers to separate the analysis of events. A single gesture
    tracker detects a specific set of gesture types, given a sequence of
    events. An example of a possible gesture tracker implementation is a
    ``transformation tracker'' that detects rotation, scaling and translation
    gestures.

    \subsection*{Assignment of a gesture tracker to a widget}

        As explained in section \ref{sec:callbacks}, events are delegated from
        a widget to some event analysis. The analysis component of a widget
        consists of a list of gesture trackers, each tracking a specific set of
        gestures. No two trackers in the list should be tracking the same
        gesture type.

        When a handler for a gesture is ``bound'' to a widget, the widget
        asserts that it has a tracker that is tracking this gesture. Thus, the
        programmer does not create gesture trackers manually. Figure
        \ref{fig:trackerdiagram} shows the position of gesture trackers in the
        architecture.

        \trackerdiagram{Extension of the diagram from figure
        \ref{fig:widgetdiagram}, showing the position of gesture trackers in
        the architecture.}

    \section{Nog iets hier met example diagrams...}

    % TODO

    \section{Example usage}

    This section describes an example that illustrates the API of the
    architecture. The example application listens to tap events in a GUI
    window.

    \begin{verbatim}
    # Add a new window to the server, representing the GUI
    widget = new rectangular Widget object
    set widget position and size to that of the GUI window

    # If the GUI toolkit allows it, bind window movement and resize handlers
    # that alter the position size and sieze of the window object

    # Create an event server that will be started later
    server = new EventServer object
    set widget as root widget for server

    # Define a handler that must be triggered when a tap gesture is detected
    begin function handler(gesture)
        # Do something
    end function

    # Bind the handler to the 'tap' event (the widget creates a tap tracker)
    bind ('tap', handler) to widget

    # Start event server (which in turn starts a driver-specific event server)
    start server
    \end{verbatim}

\chapter{Test applications}

% TODO
% testprogramma's met PyGame

%\chapter{Conclusions}

% TODO
% Windows zijn een manier om globale events toe te wijzen aan vensters
% Trackers zijn een effectieve manier om gebaren te detecteren
% Trackers zijn uitbreidbaar door object-orientatie

\chapter{Suggestions for future work}

% TODO

% geruik formele definitie van gestures in gesture trackers, bijv. state machine

% Network protocol (ZeroMQ) voor meerdere talen en simultane processen
% Hierij ook: extra laag die gesture windows aanmaakt die corresponderen met window manager

% Window in boomstructuur voor efficientie

\bibliographystyle{plain}
\bibliography{report}{}

\appendix

\chapter{The TUIO protocol}
\label{app:tuio}

The TUIO protocol \cite{TUIO} defines a way to geometrically describe tangible
objects, such as fingers or objects on a multi-touch table. Object information
is sent to the TUIO UDP port (3333 by default).

For efficiency reasons, the TUIO protocol is encoded using the Open Sound
Control \cite[OSC]{OSC} format. An OSC server/client implementation is
available for Python: pyOSC \cite{pyOSC}.

A Python implementation of the TUIO protocol also exists: pyTUIO \cite{pyTUIO}.
However, the execution of an example script yields an error regarding Python's
built-in \texttt{socket} library. Therefore, the reference implementation uses
the pyOSC package to receive TUIO messages.

The two most important message types of the protocol are ALIVE and SET
messages. An ALIVE message contains the list of session id's that are currently
``active'', which in the case of multi-touch a table means that they are
touching the screen. A SET message provides geometric information of a session
id, such as position, velocity and acceleration.

Each session id represents an object. The only type of objects on the
multi-touch table are what the TUIO protocol calls ``2DCur'', which is a (x, y)
position on the screen.

ALIVE messages can be used to determine when an object touches and releases the
screen. For example, if a session id was in the previous message but not in the
current, The object it represents has been lifted from the screen.

SET provide information about movement. In the case of simple (x, y) positions,
only the movement vector of the position itself can be calculated. For more
complex objects such as fiducials, arguments like rotational position is also
included.

ALIVE and SET messages can be combined to create ``point down'', ``point move''
and ``point up'' events (as used by the \cite[.NET application]{win7touch}).

TUIO coordinates range from $0.0$ to $1.0$, with $(0.0, 0.0)$ being the left
top corner of the screen and $(1.0, 1.0)$ the right bottom corner. To focus
events within a window, a translation to window coordinates is required in the
client application, as stated by the online specification
\cite{TUIO_specification}:
\begin{quote}
    In order to compute the X and Y coordinates for the 2D profiles a TUIO
    tracker implementation needs to divide these values by the actual sensor
    dimension, while a TUIO client implementation consequently can scale these
    values back to the actual screen dimension.
\end{quote}

\chapter{Experimental program}
\label{app:experiment}

% TODO: rewrite intro
When designing a software library, its API should be understandable and easy to
use for programmers. To find out the basic requirements of the API to be
usable, an experimental program has been written based on the Processing code
from \cite{processingMT}. The program receives TUIO events and translates them
to point \emph{down}, \emph{move} and \emph{up} events.  These events are then
interpreted to be (double or single) \emph{tap}, \emph{rotation} or
\emph{pinch} gestures. A simple drawing program then draws the current state to
the screen using the PyGame library. The output of the program can be seen in
figure \ref{fig:draw}.

\begin{figure}[H]
    \center
    \label{fig:draw}
    \includegraphics[scale=0.4]{data/experimental_draw.png}
    \caption{Output of the experimental drawing program. It draws the touch
        points and their centroid on the screen (the centroid is used as center
        point for rotation and pinch detection). It also draws a green
        rectangle which responds to rotation and pinch events.}
\end{figure}

One of the first observations is the fact that TUIO's \texttt{SET} messages use
the TUIO coordinate system, as described in appendix \ref{app:tuio}.  The test
program multiplies these with its own dimensions, thus showing the entire
screen in its window. Also, the implementation only works using the TUIO
protocol. Other drivers are not supported.

Though using relatively simple math, the rotation and pinch events work
surprisingly well. Both rotation and pinch use the centroid of all touch
points. A \emph{rotation} gesture uses the difference in angle relative to the
centroid of all touch points, and \emph{pinch} uses the difference in distance.
Both values are normalized using division by the number of touch points. A
pinch event contains a scale factor, and therefore uses a division of the
current by the previous average distance to the centroid.

There is a flaw in this implementation. Since the centroid is calculated using
all current touch points, there cannot be two or more rotation or pinch
gestures simultaneously. On a large multi-touch table, it is desirable to
support interaction with multiple hands, or multiple persons, at the same time.
This kind of application-specific requirements should be defined in the
application itself, whereas the experimental implementation defines detection
algorithms based on its test program.

Also, the different detection algorithms are all implemented in the same file,
making it complex to read or debug, and difficult to extend.

\chapter{Reference implementation in Python}
\label{app:implementation}

% TODO
% alleen window.contains op point down, niet move/up
% een paar simpele windows en trackers

\end{document}
